Российская преступность второй половины XIX – начала ХХ в. в постсоветской отечественной историографии

Abstract

The aim of the work is to analyze the domestic post-Soviet historiography of the delinquent behavior of adults in Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. It is intended to solve such tasks as identifying publications on this topic and evaluating their significance in the process of researching the problem, identifying the main historiographic trends, results and prospects for the study of post-reform crime. A great contribution to the methodological development of this topic was made by B.N. Mironov, N.B. Lebina, Y.I. Gilinskij. On the basis of the processing of all-Russian statistical data, B.N. Mironov drew conclusions about the cyclical nature of the level of crime in Russia in the period from 1803 to 1913 (it rose during periods of liberal reigns and declined under conservative monarchs), and also on the deterioration (with a break in the 1890s) of the criminal situation after the abolition of serfdom. The spread of delinquent behavior in the second half of the XIX - early XX century is fixed in a number of other studies (the works of Y.I. Gilinskij, S.A. Bushuyeva, S.I., Moryushkin and others). Regional materials show the improvement of the criminal situation at the beginning of the First World War (D.Y. Ereshchenko, S.N. Tsys, M.P. Shepeleva), and its complication since November 1914 (D.Y. Ereshchenko). Russian historians attributed the growth of crime to the modernization process, as well as to the influence of such factors as increased consumption of alcohol, the contradictoriness of state law enforcement policy, political instability at the beginning of the XX century. At the same time, V.B. Bezgin, V.S. Sidorova, V.V. Kulachkov, T.L. Muzychuk write about the presence of components in the traditional culture that provoke violations of the law. The authors of a number of studies describe specific features of the evolution of delinquency in certain regions. The materials of the Kursk province show positive changes in the criminal situation. D.M. Shilovsky gives some data on the Tomsk province, which do not correspond to the cyclical scheme of the development of Russian crime, proposed by B.N. Mironov. D.M. Shilovsky, P.A. Sungurov, V.P. Petrova, A.V. Danchevskaya draw attention to the relatively high crime rate in Siberia. V.E. Politov and D.P. Zherebchikov noted that in Tambov province all-Russian tendencies were of a smoothed nature. The study of gender aspects of delinquency has shown that the level of female crime was significantly lower than that of men. E.N. Kosaretskaya and S.G. Kulikova reconstructed the socio-cultural image of the female offender. Russian researchers note the dominance of offenses directed against the individual and private property, public and state order, record the appearance of new varieties of illegal actions. Historians pay attention to the juvenation and professionalization of the criminal world.

Проведен анализ исследовательских позиций по таким вопросам, как динамика и причины изменений количественных и качественных показателей делинквентного поведения, структура преступлений, особенности эволюции преступного мира под влиянием модернизационных процессов пореформенного периода, региональные, социальные и гендерные аспекты криминальной обстановки. Оцениваются общие итоги и перспективы исследования данной проблематики.